{"id":356,"date":"2024-03-20T15:23:39","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T15:23:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seswpcourse.hosted7.connect.ie\/?p=356"},"modified":"2024-03-20T15:43:31","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T15:43:31","slug":"john-richardson-wigham","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seswpcourse.hosted7.connect.ie\/index.php\/2024\/03\/20\/john-richardson-wigham\/","title":{"rendered":"John Richardson Wigham"},"content":{"rendered":"

John Richardson Wigham<\/span><\/h1>\n

on this page, most images will enlarge if clicked. Many if the artifacts are in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland, D\u00fan Laoghaire. Many of the drawings are from Thomas Tag’s book “Brilliance and Prejudice”<\/em>\u00a0Here is a YouTube video of a museum guide relating this story<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Letterhead of Edmundsons, a Dublin company which supplied lighthouses, worldwide<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

John Richardson Wigham<\/strong>(15 January 1829 \u2013 16 November 1906) was a lighthouse engineer. He was a great inventor and successful businessman. He was born in Scotland into a Quaker family. (Take care not to confuse John Richardson Wigham with his cousin John Wigham Richardson, the shipbuilder, whose company eventually merged into Swan Hunter.)<\/span><\/p>\n

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A drawing of a coal gas generating plant. Coal is heated in ovens, gas is released from the coal. This gas is then stored in an expanding tank (drawing by Thomas Tag)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

John Richardson Wigham`s sister married Joshua Edmundson. Edmundson & Company had a brass foundry in Capel Street, Dublin. They had supplied metal fittings for furniture. They worked in iron and brass. They finished pieces with tin-plate and japanning (a way of painting with metal).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Wigham’s 31 day oil lamp in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

In 1844, when he was 15 years old, John Richardson Wigham left Scotland to Dublin, where he became an apprentice at Edmundson & Company, Caple Street.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1844, when he was 15 years old, John Richardson Wigham left Scotland to Dublin, where he became an apprentice at Edmundson & Company, Caple Street.<\/span><\/p>\n

John specialised in brass fitting. There was a new invention – gas – for heating and lighting. This gas was generated by heating coal. Small fittings in brass were required. John designed, manufactured and supplied bass fittings for the new gas lights.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The next few years saw the \u2018Great Hunger\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

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A closer look at the burner and wick (drawing by Thomas Tag)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

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Inner workings of Wigham’s 31-day lamp (drawing by Thomas Tag)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Diseases, such as typhoid spread. Many died from disease. On 26 January 1848, Joshua died. Although John was only 19 years old, he took over the operation of the company and provided for his sister and her children.<\/span><\/p>\n

Under his direction, the company concentrated on gas lighting. They supplied gas facilities for large houses and business premises. Coal was loaded into ovens and heated producing gas which was kept in tanks which expanded and contracted with the volume of gas. This was prior to the provision of piped town <\/span>gas.<\/span><\/p>\n

In time, he was very involved with town gas and became a director of the Dublin Gas Company.<\/span><\/p>\n

All the while, John Richardson Wigham was inventing.<\/span><\/p>\n

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John Richardson Wigham<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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an electric light which will automatically replace a broken light-bulb (National Maritime Museum of Ireland)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

A buoy at sea marked rocks and other dangers with a bell. It really needed a constant light. But that was impossible with oil lamps; that is until Wigham\u201fs 31-day light. It was first used on the Clyde in 1861. His relatives, in Scotland, were involved in shipbuilding. He had an interest in lighting at sea. Initially buoys only had bells to warn mariners. The difficulty was in designing an oil-lamp which could burn while unattended and not be extinguished by waves and storms.<\/span><\/p>\n

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formerly, the Edmundson Premises on Aungier Street<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

The first successful lighted buoy was patented by John Wigham in 1861.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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John Richardson Wigham was a great inventor. We have many examples of his inventions in the museum. Consider his \u201cautomatic electric light\u201d; a simple idea; suppose there is a light marking the end of a pier, what would happen if a bulb blew and had to be replaced? It is easy to check whether a bulb is working, the current either flows or it doesn\u201ft.<\/span><\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/a>It was Wigham who came up with this simple yet extremely useful invention. Wigham came up with many types of oil lamps. He was constantly seeking a reliable brighter flame. Some of these were for different types of lamp oil, prior to paraffin (kerosene). He came up with the idea of concentric circular wicks. This example has four such circular wicks. He used similar ideas with his later gas lights, which became known as “crocus lights\u201f.<\/span><\/p>\n

With his experience of gas lights used from the gas generators he was supplying to buildings he concluded that gas light was far brighter than the oil lamps then used in light houses. He came up with a design and presented it to the Dublin Ballast Board in 1862. <\/span><\/p>\n

They agreed to fund his research. The result was the first gas light to be used in a lighthouse, when it was installed in the Baily.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>He also invented a \u201cgas gun\u201d. Actual cannons were fired to warn ships of a rock when the fog was dense. Wighams gas gun, again first used at the Baily used a controlled gas explosion.<\/span><\/p>\n

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side view of crocus lamp<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

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gas crocus from above.(drawing by Thomas Tag)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

He suffered a great deal of prejudice, because he lacked a university education and operated out of Ireland. There were several serious disputes with English engineers including the Stevenson brothers and Sir James Nicholas. Douglass was involved in bitter public disputes with John Richardson Wigham. Wigham demonstrated that gas lights were superior to oil lamps, Douglass, then chief engineer to Trinity House, disagreed.<\/span><\/p>\n

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from “Beam” (magazine of CIL)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

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in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

In these acrimonious disputes, Wigham could rely on the support of the Dublin newspapers of the time and of Irish Members of Parliament. (His wife, Mary, was the daughter of Jonathan Pim, M.P. for Dublin). There were, on occasion, impartial external authorities introduced, such as Dr John Tyndall, who was appointed as scientific adviser to Trinity House. He described an argument against Wigham as \u201cthe inaccuracy-of-the-Irish-mind hypothesis\u201d. Eventually, Dr. Tyndall resigned, saying \u201cThe struggle with Mr Douglass in regard to this Irish question took up, however, too much of my time, and I accordingly sent in my letter of resignation\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Wigham’s Crocus Gas Burner (from \u201cBrilliance and Prejudice\u201d by Thomas Tag<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

In 1863 the Dublin Ballast Board funded Wigham’s research and the new gas light was installed in the Baily Lighthouse, they then converted other lighthouses until Trinity House prohibited further conversion of lighthouses from oil to gas.<\/span><\/p>\n

After pressure from Irish Members of Parliament, in 1871 trials were conducted at the two Happisburgh Lighthouses comparing oil with gas. The tests were falsified. Douglass claimed that “the large gas burner was ex-focal and therefore that it was totally useless and wasted\u201d. Stevenson produced cost estimates of running the gas light, compared with oil, which were greatly exaggerated, and ignoring actual costs of running the Baily gas light. It was later established that the lighthouse keeper was instructed not to turn the gas light on by more than a quarter of its capacity.<\/span><\/p>\n

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The light above Big Ben, (note the Palace of Westminster below) from “The Graphic” 29 October 1887<\/p><\/div>\n

Dr Tyndall wrote: \u201cI have reason to know that before his lamentable death, Thomas Stevenson, this highly distinguished man, became fully convinced of the merit of Mr. Wigham, and of the demerit of the attempt made afterwards to deprive him of his righteous due\u201d. Douglass claimed that the design of “superposed lenses” at the Eddystone Lighthouse of 1882 were his. The same design “bi-form lens” was used by Wigham in the Galley Head lighthouse in 1877. There was a public dispute. Wigham had patented his design (Patent number 1015) in 1872. Wigham successfully sued Douglass for infringement of patent, and Douglass was ordered to pay \u00a32,500 to Wigham.<\/span><\/p>\n

Douglass still received a knighthood for his work on the Eddystone Lighthouse.<\/span><\/p>\n

The \u00a32,500 was actually paid by the Board of Trade.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wigham\u201fs patents were compulsorily acquired by the British government. Wigham was offered a knighthood, but declined “for religious reasons\u201f.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(Images from Big Ben: The Great Clock and the Bells at the Palace of Westminster, by Chris McKay)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

John Richardson Wigham is buried in the Quaker cemetery at Temple Hill, Blackrock.<\/span><\/p>\n

A curious aside: the Ayrton Light which is above the clock on Big Ben, the English Parliament. (Ayrton was the Commissioner for Works).<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1871, an electric arc light was installed. In 1874 this was replaced by a Wigham 68-jet gas burner.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1870, the light at Wicklow Head was fitted with Wigham’s patent intermittent flashing mechanism, which timed the gas supply by means of clockwork. When this mechanism was combined with a revolving lens in Rockabill Lighthouse, the world’s first lighthouse with a group-flashing characteristic was produced. Each lighthouse now has a unique flashing sequence, so that the lighthouse can be identified.<\/span><\/p>\n

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(in photo: the late Dr Philip Smily)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

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Here it stands, with a newspaper article, on the finding of this cabinet, attached<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Wigham had many inventions, principally in the area of maritime safety. He invented new oil-lamps, gas-lights and electric-lights, fogsignals, buoys, buoy-lights and acetylene lighting equipment. As lighting moved from oil to gas to electricity, he was always ready to innovate.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lights supplied by Edmundson & Co were used in lighthouses all over the globe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wigham was constantly inventing. After he died, this cabinet was in his work-room. It is full of inventions in progress.<\/span><\/p>\n

Here it stands, with a newspaper article, on the finding of this cabinet, attached.<\/span><\/p>\n

He supplied lighthouse all over the globe. This cabinet had a drawer for each lighthouse he supplied. The index cards recorded the work carried out and\/or parts supplied by Edmundson\u201fs (later F. Barrett & Co) of Schoolhouse Lane, off Capel Street Dublin.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

John Richardson Wigham on this page, most images will enlarge if clicked. Many if the artifacts are in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland, D\u00fan Laoghaire. Many of the drawings are from Thomas Tag’s book “Brilliance and Prejudice”\u00a0Here is a YouTube video of a museum guide relating this story   John Richardson Wigham(15 January 1829…<\/span><\/p>\n

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